Economics (Answer 2 questions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics (Answer 2 questions) - Essay Example For instance, the procurement price for wheat and rice rose to 170 and 240 by 1980 (taking the base at 100 in 1970). Thus, there has been a substantial rise in the procurement prices of these commodities with a view to placate the rich farmers who form one of the dominant groups. Next, the license and control mechanism called by many derisively as the â€Å"Inspector Raj† placed undue emphasis on stifling the innovative and entrepreneurial tendencies to favor the few industrial houses that controlled the economy. The resulting contraction in industrial output has been shown as a result of these policies by Bardhan. The third dominant group, the professionals have managed to retain their supremacy in knowledge and allied interests by making sure that they have high â€Å"scarcity value† in a country where the overwhelming majority are illiterate. They have done this by making sure that resources are diverted from initiatives that provide for mass education to higher education schools and colleges where the elite minority can get admission. However, it is not always the case that these dominant groups act in unison or are hand in glove with each other. There have been instances where the rich farmers have found themselves in opposition to the bureaucrats and the professional class particularly when it came to the distribution of largesse by the government in the form of subsidies and the like. Thus, there have been conditions where the dominant groups have found themselves in conflict with each other. 2) It a long held belief pioneered by Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen that social indices of development are a better guide to the overall development of an economy than purely economic indicators. This fact has been reinforced by many studies that point to the emergence of so-called â€Å"Tiger Economies† of South East Asia by investing in human and social capital. Dreze and Sen argue that even in India,

Portfolio final pram project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Portfolio final pram project - Essay Example The analysis leads me to the inference that my writing lacks a good research, analysis, and brainstorming. I was a failure in supporting it with a powerful thesis that promotes the basis for every successful essay. I personally feel that the paragraph construction of the essay was also not so accurate because, it lacked a logical development of ideas and a proper construction. Though I was aware that a good paragraph needs a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence, I could not maintain these features when I completed this essay. Here one topic directly jumps to another without much description or logical conclusion. The essay began as a review of the given article but ended as a study analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of Social Networking. The lack of a good research was the grave issue I felt with my less successful essay. If I had engaged in brainstorming, I could have used more key words for searching the topic on internet and thus find out valuable sources that help support the study. I should also comprehend that only a good research leads to a good analysis and findings. A well organized introduction that ends in a thesis statement has an elite role in creating a successful essay. I have to keep in mind the fact that ‘well begun is half done.’ Also, I forgot the lesson that one should never end a paragraph with a quotation. The comparison of the less successful essay with the successful one helps me to explore certain other factors also with regard to writing. My successful essay, ‘Memories of Mother Day’ has a logical sequence of facts which I developed after brainstorming. It also has well structured paragraphs beginning with topic sentences, supporting sentences and a very logical conclusion. The usage of language was the other issue that attracted my close attention to my two essays. I am quite sure that language has a decisive role in the

Users select their destinations

Users select their destinations GROUP ASSIGNMENT PART Study the following case study and answer all the tasks listed. An automated ticket-issuing system sells rail tickets as you find in London underground and over ground railway stations. Users select their destinations and can be pay cash the exact amount or input a credit card and a personal identification number (PIN). The rail ticket is issued and their credit card account charged if the ticket was bought using a credit card. When the user presses the start button, a menu display of potential destinations is activated, along with a message to the user to select a destination. Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to pay cash or input their credit card. In the last case, its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal identifier. When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued. ambiguities or omissions in the above scenario An automatic ticket issuing system sells rail tickets. Users select their destination, and input a credit card and a personal identification number. The rail ticket is issued and their credit card account charged with its cost. When the user presses the start button, a menu display of potential destinations is activated along with a message to the user to select a destination. Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to input their credit card. Its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal identifier. When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued. Ambiguities and omissions include: Can a customer buy several tickets for the same destination together or must they be bought one at a time? Can customers cancel a request if a mistake has been made? How should the system respond if an invalid card is input? What happens if customers try to put their card in before selecting a destination (as they would in ATM machines)? Must the user press the start button again if they wish to buy another ticket to a different destination? Should the system only sell tickets between the station where the machine is situated and direct connections or should it include all possible destinations? What type of input device (touch screen vs. keyboard)? Ticket prices Room on train (assumes tickets have times on them) Train departure and arrival times. Do customers buy tickets for a specific train? Or for any trip along the route? (If the latter, then no way to tell if all the seats on a train are sold out, nor can you do seat assignments.) Seat assignments (see above) Print receipt? identified ambiguities in some appropriate way. Function Give customer a rail ticket, and charge credit account or take cash from customer and give the customer, a rail ticket. Description Determine customers destination, calculate the charge for the trip, and charge the customer the appropriate amount. If charge is complete, print the ticket, otherwise, print no ticket, and report error to customer. Inputs Destination, credit card number and PIN. Outputs Tickets, error messages Action Ask the customer for their destination, when input, calculate the total, and prompt to insert a credit card, prompt customer for PIN, prompt customer that the transaction is taking place, if successful print the ticket and return to start state, if unsuccessful, ask customer to swipe their card again and re-input the PIN. If unsuccessful again, prompt that the transaction has failed, and return to start state. Requires Destination, credit card number and PIN Pre-condition None Post-condition None Side effects Charge to the customers credit account user requirements definitions The user requirements for a system should describe the functional and nonfunctional requirements so that they are understandable by system users without any technical knowledge. When we write the user requirement we should not write with technical forms, table or diagrams. We should write in simple language with simple table, forms and diagrams. The actors in the system are the passenger, the counter clerk and the reservation system consisting of form processing, reservation, fare computation, ticket processing, ticket printing, collection of fare amount and posting as sub-systems. The passenger is a passive user-actor who initiates the process and obtains the ticket(s), a goal of measurable value. The counter clerk is an active user-actor, who triggers the system and has the role of issuing the tickets with the responsibility of collecting the correct fare amount from the passenger, which is a measurable value. Predesigned and deployed ticket reservation system at the back end is a system actor-user to ensure that ticket processing is done correctly and different system statuses are updated on issuing of tickets. This actor has an active role and responsibility at the back end. system requirements specifications System requirements Specifications are specified using the standard way of these forms. Function: Issuing Ticket Description: Issuing the ticket when the user select their desired tickets and make the correct payment. Inputs: Destination, child or Adult ,Pay by card or cash Output: Their desired ticket to be issued with their payment receipt Requires : Money Pre- Condition: Ticket will be validate between the user current place and the selected destination, Otherwise user will have to pay the penalty fare. a sequence diagram Scenario 1 This diagram shows about the user wants their ticket from the machine. It shows the interaction between user and ticket machine where user puts the requirement to the machine and the machine gives options back to the user. Scenario 2 This diagram shows the user chose the station and the machine give option back to user needs to choose from following option for e.g return ticket which class user wants to travel. After selecting options the user needs to pay for payment machine give option for eg cash or card. If the user choose card the ticket machine need to validate from card user. Scenario 3 This diagram represents a sequence activity when user buy a ticket using credit or debit card. When the user insert the card. The card is validated with the card issuer the validation of the card is returned to machine which then displays the result to the user. If the card is valid then the user need to enter the pin. The validity of the pin is checked. If the pin is wrong user need to try again. Once completed the user account is credited and the ticket along with the receipt to the user. Non-functional requirements The ticket system shall respond to user inputs to provide tickets and charge accounts in a timely manner. The system shall continue to function so long as roll of ticket paper is in the machine, and a network connection is provided for the destination database and credit transactions. Upon receipt of the destination from the user, the database shall be accessed to determine the distance from the units location, to the desired destination, and calculate the appropriate fee. The unit shall then prompt the user to input their card information, and the unit shall verify that the card is a credit card, is valid, and has sufficient credit to be charged. Upon successful verification, the unit shall print a ticket, and return to its ready state, for the next transaction to take place. The reliability this system relies on the durability of the physical user interface, the network connection in the area the system is placed, the size of the ticket rolls that the unit can accept, and the mecha nism for dispensing the tickets. The estimated time for a complete transaction would be about thirty seconds, giving twenty for the user interactions, five for validation and verification of the users account, and five for printing and dispensing the ticket. Use-cases Requirements validation process. Customer inserts her credit card into the ticket machine. card provider checks the card number. Then the machine asks for the pin-code. User enters the pin-code. Then the ticket machine requests database to validate the credit card. Ticket on processes. customer can use the ticket finaly. A semantic data model Impact if when the customer pays cash As the sequence diagram shows, the customer goes to ticket machine, and he is allowed to not have axact amount, the machine will confirm the amount, go through the check process and issues the ticket with receipt. References and Bibliography: Sommerville (2007), Computer Information Technology in Processors, 8th Edition, www.pearsoned.co.uk, Use Diagram (2010) Unified Approach and Unified Modeling Language. [Online].Available from: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0070583714/214723/144USECASEDIAGRAM.pdf [Accessed 13 Feb 2010]

Low Self Esteem Essay -- essays research papers

Languages, colors, cultures and also the way one behaves may differ from one nation to another. Yet, each and every one of us living on the surface of this planet have several things in common. One of these similarities is that we all have a way of regarding our own self. It is believed that a large amount of individuals feel very good about themselves. Nevertheless, from time to time even the best of us get a dose of negative emotions. Very heartbreaking stories about self dislike were told by many depressed teenagers and older people. What are the causes of this kind of low self esteem and how can one person get solutions to outcome them? Self Esteem is defined as confidence in your own merit as an individual#. Such concepts as self-esteem and self-image have been regarded by some social psychologists as useful, while others have regarded them as unnecessary. There is a considerable amount of research on such topics but it would be very difficult to find the exact definition because volumes have been written about self esteem. Definitions given in self esteem literature run a yard long. But after cutting through all the scientific words, the question of self-esteem really centers down to something quite simple: How do a person feels about his/herself? If the person feels good about him/herself, they have a high self-esteem. If they feel bad about him/herself, they have a low self esteem. Since low self esteem is a worst problem than the higher one, let’s examine it to find some solution by investigating a number of low self esteem causes and personal cases. Individuals with truly high self esteem feel good about themselves and continue believing in themselves regardless of what others think of them. Some people feel good about themselves only as long as others support them and approve them. The moment another person criticizes them, or withdraws her or his support from them, they not only feel bad about themselves, they may even hate themselves. That would be the first step into low self-esteem. When a person acts like that, li... ...they often approach suicide more determinedly than the young and carry it out with a terrible efficiency. "Not only is suicide significantly more prevalent among older persons, but the suicidal act itself reflects important differences between old and young," notes Dr. Hendin, in his book Suicide in America. "In particular, the ratio of attempted to actual suicides shifts quite markedly among older persons. Among the population as a whole, the ratio of attempted suicides to actual suicides has been estimated to be 10 to 1; among the young (15-24), it has been estimated to be 100 to 1; and among those over 55, it has been estimated to be 1 to 1." Self dislike, depression loneliness and suicide have a very great role in one person’s self esteem. Although the above statistics made it seem to be impossible to overcome these feelings, the research hopefully gave us all the possible ways that we can be victorious and set ourselves free from this psychological slavery.

Bi Canadian Tire

CASE SYNOPSIS The IT group at Canadian Tire Corporation (CTC), located at the headquarters of a network of five major business groups, is faced with developing an implementation plan for the development of a business intelligence (BI) infrastructure and business capability at Canadian Tire Retail (CTR). Concurrent to this initiative is the development and implementation of an IT strategy for CTC that places a number of programs on the priority list, with BI seen as a high priority item for which the organization can score some â€Å"quick win† business success.CTR is a major Canadian retailer of automotive, sports and leisure, and home products. CTR business analysts have had the benefit of working with an information warehouse for the past nine years. However, numerous technological, organizational and people challenges associated with the information warehouse have lead to the realization that a complete redesign of the information warehouse is required. Students are require d to analyse the business context of the BI initiative and identify the major challenges that will be associated with its development and implementation over the next 2. years. They will then develop an implementation plan that accounts for these challenges and ensures that CTC will be able to realize the full business value of these investments. Suggested  Questions 1. What is BI and how can it help Canadian Tire? In the case there are 10 common challenges of BI implementations, which of these would you rate as most important for Eubanks and Wnek at CTC, and why? How would you address them? 2. To what degree do you think CTC/CTR’s organizational structure influences the business intelligence initiative?Specifically, what challenges will the shadow IT groups raise for the implementation of the BI strategy? Is this important? Why or why not? 3. Compare the exhibits that depict the current versus the future desired BI infrastructure. What challenges exist for the implementati on of the BI initiative? 4. Given your analysis, develop an implementation plan to project completion. This plan must lay out the priorities and address the major challenges you have identified.

Causal Determinism

Philosophy Mini Paper 1 Causal determinism claims that our past, initial conditions are deterministicly conditioned by natural laws. Causal determinism deals with conditional predictability, which says that if I know all of my past/present material conditions and natural laws, then I can know my future causal path. Since we always base our choices on our highest desire, we can easily predict what choices one is going to make. It seems very plausible for casual determinism to be true. With causal determinism on one end of the spectrum, and existentialism on the opposite end, we have two conflicting philosophies of romance vs logic. It seems only logical for us to assume that indeed, we base our decisions based upon what we deeply, truly desire the most. The notion that we lack the capacity of free will, though, is daunting. To think that we have no control over our lives is really rather terrifying, so it becomes very apparent why someone would want to reject these theories. Causal determinism hasn't necessarily affected my views of life dramatically, but it helps keep everything into a conscious perspective. To live a meaningful life it's important to live consciously, that is to say, to escape the hypnotizing effects of living life monotonously. I believe that in order to accomplish a lucid life, it's important to retain existentialist aspects in daily life. To live life on a path without the sense of freedom seems like it would be similar to those nightmares we have in which we know the horrors that are about to happen, but can do nothing to prevent it. To live a robotic life is too easy. To throw everything into the wind and say that we have no control over our lives is too easy. To say humanity has an inability to control itself is far too pessimistic and a twisted way to live one's life. It's empowering to believe in one's ability to make something of their life, to truly live life spiritually. I don't feel that causal determinism should impacts one's views on moral responsibility drastically. To think that whatever is going to happen will happen anyway, and to avoid morality, is definitely a flawed way of thinking. Because of our desire to live in a morally praiseworthy fashion, we may let moral values influence the decisions we make. We should not simply disregard everything happening in our surroundings because we think we have no control. As far as friendship goes, yes, we typically befriend those that are like-minded in some regard or another. This isn't a new or unusual concept, this notion is widely known. There are countless psychological factors that are at work with the ongoing process of friend-making. Causal determinism doesn't change what is already known about making friends. Love is one of the most confusing of human emotions. To say that there is a soul mate for each person would be agreeing with causal determinism. It seems, in an odd sense, too romantic for the theory, but they're one in the same regardless. Some believe in soul mates, that there is one person each is destined to belong with. It would make sense for a causal determinist to believe in the idea of a soul mate. Causal determinism feels far too depressing to follow religiously in a day-to-day lifestyle. While the theory may be a logically correct way to look at life, it seems to strongly strip away what it means to live as a conscious human. Sure it's important to keep a balance of logic and romance in the way one lives their life, but it seems like following causal determinism may be tipping this scale too far to one side.

Carolus Linnaeus - An Evolution Biography

Carolus Linnaeus - An Evolution Biography Early Life and Education Born May 23, 1707 - Died January 10, 1778 Carl Nilsson Linnaeus (Latin pen name: Carolus Linnaeus) was born on May 23, 1707 in Smaland, Sweden. He was the first born to Christina Brodersonia and Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus. His father was a Lutheran minister and his mother was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult. In his spare time, Nils Linnaeus spent time gardening and teaching Carl about plants. Early Life and Education Carls father taught him Latin and geography at a very young age in an effort to groom him to take over the priesthood when Nils retired. Carl spent two years being tutored but disliked the man chosen to teach him and then went on to the Lower Grammar School in Vaxjo. He finished there at the age of 15 and continued on to the Vaxjo Gymnasium. Instead of studying, Carl spent his time looking at plants and Nils was disappointed to learn he would not make it as a scholarly priest. Instead, he went off to study medicine at Lund University where he enrolled with his Latin name, Carolus Linnaeus. In 1728, Carl transferred to Uppsala University where he could study botany along with medicine. Linnaeus wrote his thesis on plant sexuality, which earned him a spot as a lecturer at the college. He spent most of his young life traveling and discovering new species of plants and useful minerals. His first expedition in 1732 was funded from a grant provided by Uppsala University that allowed him to research plants in Lapland. His six-month trip resulted in over 100 new species of plants. His traveling continued in 1734 when Carl took a trip to Dalarna and then again in 1735 he went to the Netherlands to pursue a doctorate degree. He earned the doctorate in only two weeks time and returned to Uppsala. Professional Achievements in Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus is best known for his innovative classification system called taxonomy. He published Systema Naturae in 1735, in which he outlined his way of classifying plants. The classification system was primarily based on his expertise of plant sexuality, but it was met with mixed reviews from traditional botanists of the time. Linnaeus desire to have a universal naming system for living things led him to the use of binomial nomenclature to organize the botanical collection at Uppsala University. He renamed many plants and animals in the two-word Latin system to make scientific names shorter and more accurate. His Systema Naturae went through many revisions over time and came to include all living things. In the beginning of Linnaeus career, he thought species were permanent and unchangeable, as was taught to him by his religious father. However, the more he studied and classified plants, he began to see the changes of species through hybridization. Eventually, he admitted that speciation did occur and a sort of directed evolution was possible. However, he believed whatever changes that were made were part of a divine plan and not by chance. Personal Life In 1738, Carl became engaged to Sara Elisabeth Moraea. He did not have enough money to marry her right away, so he moved to Stockholm to become a physician. A year later when finances were in order, they married and soon Carl became a professor of medicine at Uppsala University. He would later switch to teach botany and natural history instead. Carl and Sara Elisabeth ended up having a total of two sons and 5 daughters, one of whom died in infancy. Linnaeus love of botany led him to buy several farms in the area over time where he would go to escape the city life every chance he got. His later years were filled with illness, and after two strokes, Carl Linnaeus died on January 10, 1778.

Americas Inhumanity essays

Americas Inhumanity essays Americas Inhumanity The greatest tragedy is war, but so long as there is mankind, there will be war. -Jomini The Art of War On March 16, 1968, Charlie Company of the Americal Division moved into the hamlet of My Lai and committed one of the most brutal atrocities in the Vietnam War and American history. However much their actions resulted from inherent stresses of the war, their brutal targeting of noncombatants was said to be an exceptional deviation from orders. Some 500 civilians were killed and it was not until a year later, with a letter from Ron Ridenhour, that the Criminal Investigation Division of the US Army checked the validity of the accusation. Then General Peers was asked to head a Commission to determine what happened and who was at fault. Since then, countless attempts have been made to explain how such an atrocity could have occurred. One of the strongest suggests that as an attempt to lift the demoralized spirit after the Tet offensive, the Charlie company platoon leader, Lt. Calley, led a mission to eliminate a Viet Cong stronghold in the vicinity of Son My village. This mi ssion succeeded only in the death of unarmed, innocent men, women, children and babies thus revealing the brutal nature of war. To understand why the My Lai incident happened, one must understand the events leading to it. In 1967 the North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front (NLF) decided the time had come to launch an all out offensive aimed at the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and US forces. In December of 1967 the North Vietnamese attacked the US marine base at Khe Sanh. General Westmoreland, the commanding US military officer in Vietnam, wanted the outpost at Khe Sanh held at all costs. As a result, 50,000 troops were called to the area thus weakening positions further south. The main thrus...

Anne Stevenson Essays - Human Development, Childbirth

Anne Stevenson " I thought you were my victory /though you cut me like a knife" (Stevenson 1-2) The opening lines of Anne Stevenson's poem The Victory set a tone of conflict. This poem, at its surface, expresses a mother's thoughts on giving birth to a son. Stevenson describes the mixed feelings many mothers have upon the delivery of their first born. The final release from pregnancy and birthing pains, coupled with the excitement of bringing a live creature into this world, at first seem a victory to the new parent. The author goes on to confute the event as a victory. Using words such as "antagonist" (5), "bruise" (6), and "scary"(13), she shows the darker side of childbirth. The mother has felt her own life's blood flowing that a stranger might live "The stains of your glory bled from my veins." (6-8). That she sees her own child as a stranger is evident in lines nine and ten, where the child is described as a "blind thing" (9) with "blank insect eyes"(10). The mother portrays her baby as a bug, not even human. In the last section of the poem, two questions are asked, attesting to the mother's internal conflict. "Why do I have to love you?/ How have you won?" (15-16). These unanswerable queries are some of the fundamental questions of our human existence. Below the topmost layer of meaning in The Victory, is an underlying theme that any parent or guardian will easily relate to. Children are born out of the great pain their mothers endure. They are helpless in one sense, yet they command the care of their parents. Stevenson describes the intrinsic helplessness of infants with the words "Blind"(9) and "Hungry"(14). Yet, this poem does not refer to new born babes alone. Birthing pains do not cease with the delivery of a child. The conflict described in this poem is felt by parents of adult children as well. All parents give of their lifeblood, at least in the emotional sense, in raising and maintaining their offspring. The Victory is a poem written as if by a mother only just delivered of a new born son, yet the themes expressed in its lines apply to all the stages of human life. Stevenson seems to stress the pain that is felt when one life brings forth another, but there are many pains felt by parents in ways unphysical. "You barb the air. /You sting with bladed cries" (11-12) these are sharp words that bring thoughts of tangible pain. These words also describe mental and emotional pain that is felt by many parents who sacrifice much for their children. The poem does not place a guilt on the baby nor, therefore on children in general. It seems to acknowledges the turmoil of birth and life as natural. The child who is born today, collects the sacrifice of its parents and will make sacrifices for the child born tomorrow. Even though The Victory is worded to sound resentful, as though the mother begrudges her child his new found life, it also has a resigned tone. The mother accepts her lot, however painful. Even deeper into this poem is the hint of feminism. The author chose the sex of this baby intentionally. She used two references to a knife, indicating pain inflicted in a manner unnatural. The knife has traditionallybeen a man's weapon. "Tiny antagonist" (9) could refer to the entire male gender. "Scary knot of desires" (13) is a reference to the sex act, which is sometimes seen as male aggression. The child is the manifestation of this act. "Hungry snarl! Small son." (14) the use of an animalistic noise directly precedes the revelation of the baby's gender. Once again Stevenson's choice of words reminds one of male aggression. The woman in the poem seems to feel cheated in bearing a male child to the man who is indirectly responsible for her condition. Why does she have to love him? Does that sum up the plight of woman? Is it Eve's curse that woman shall embrace man, though in so doing she must suffer childbirth to bring forth more men? (Or daughters who shall suffer likewise.) Is that how he has won? The Victory asks

Please Reply to at least 4 student with no more that 60 words plus 2 Coursework - 1

Please Reply to at least 4 student with no more that 60 words plus 2 references - Coursework Example elaborates the general output that are seen from the functions of so called informal leaders and their formal leaders counterparts (Herda-Rapp, 1998). Through the generalization of outputs, it was realized that leaders, be they formal or informal all are expected to come out with certain results and this is where their assessment should come from (Fawoud, 2009). The writer has a major strength in his presentation and this strength is judged from the amount of detail given in the background of the term informal leadership. Such detailed background made it easier to have a broader perspective of how informal leadership has affected social life (Fawoud, 2009). The wrier then built on the background to come to a conclusion that informal leadership and followship has all being about the need to achieve a common goal; and that this process ought to be supervised by one of the members of the group, who is the leader (Gardener, 2008). The writer used an important component of writing skills to make the distinction between informal leadership and followership clearly known. This component was the need to compare and contrast specific scenarios, where two different organizations were make the focus. Through the discussion, it was realized that everyone is a follower at one point in time or the other (Fawoud, 2009) and that leaders even become followers at a point because of the need to follow their own instructions (Gardener,

1.Women into senior management. Gender communication barriers Essay

1.Women into senior management. Gender communication barriers - Essay Example , from their colleagues also they do not receive a friendly approach rather their â€Å"work lives had been made intolerant by constant harassment.† In her work, Suppressed, Forced out and Fired: How Successful Women Lose Their Jobs, the Reeves (1951, 65) has remarked, while taking about tragic plight of women at workplaces, â€Å"Several of the women faced bullying and eventual termination from more than one job.† There are also various cases, where, â€Å"women were not technically fired or formally made redundant,† (Reeves, 1951, 65) and those victims have described their situation as â€Å"being forced out.† (Reeves, 1951, 65) Many people can argue that such incidents are mostly frequent in the developing nations. The author has studied cases of ten women and most of them were working in developed nations like UK or Australia. The truth behind such observation we understand not only from analysis of the author but also from our daily experiences. There is no denial of the fact that even in job scenario of the 21st century gender discrimination is a major issue and women are mostly victimized under the prevailing patriarchal atmosphere is the companies. Despite their talent, efficiency and commitment for the company, most often, women have to strive more in comparison with their male counterparts to reach the senior managerial level. Even after reaching such height, she cannot communicate with her subordinates properly due to gender communication barrier. According to the social scientists and psychologists basic features or behaviorist approach of a woman does not suit are not in accordance with modern work culture. Since the post globalization period, the private enterprises have expanded to a great extent and the work culture that is followed there, has also affected huge effect even over the public enterprises also. When a person is elevated at the managerial position he or she is supposed to fulfill a lot of job responsibility, managing and planning for his or

Strategic management of small firms Research Proposal

Strategic management of small firms - Research Proposal Example Such firms include entrepreneurial ventures and also business trading entities. The paper is an exploratory study and draws upon existing literature and case studies of small firms to develop the proposed model. Future research scope and applicability has also been discussed. Small firms have been long neglected over the strategic management roles and issues. The problems of identification of factors that influence small firms’ strategic decisions have been restricted to leadership roles and planning techniques. The paper is aimed at resolving this very issue by identification of a framework for strategic management within small firms. Small scale industries have been the key to economic development for most of the countries during their development stage. Studies prove that they contribute towards a major portion of a country’s GDP and growth. This has also led to a huge rise in research in the economic activity of small scale enterprises. However, most research in the field did not prove to be quite resourceful, primarily, owing to the failure of identification of problems associated with the study of small scale companies. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate and develop a framework of strategic management within small enterprises by evaluation of strategies adopted by small companies. The research shall also seek answers to the source of competitive advantage of small enterprises that emerge as successful businesses and thereby analyse the strategic management factors that influence success in small firms. The research rationale in the context of this study is whether there exists any significant difference between the strategic management employed within small firms and that within large firms. If this holds true then, the research seeks to explore the factors that are responsible for strategic management within small firms. The research

Strategic Alliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Alliance - Essay Example Nike is one of the largest and most popular athletic footwear company, but it not manufacturing even a single shoe. Similarly, Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturing companies, but it does not manufacture not more than cockpits or wing bits. These companies have entered into strategic alliances with the suppliers to do the manufacturing activities for them. Strategic Alliance is an agreement between the firms for conducting the business activities together. Strategic alliance goes beyond just informal handshake agreements or partnership. It includes lengthy formal contract in which both the parties also exchange the equity and contribute capital to establish a joint venture firm or corporation Strategic alliance means merger of two companies. This is what is generally assumed, but companies are coming up for multi-strategic alliances nowadays. This might be because they are willing to utilize their strengths to controlling the market. For example, a strategic alliance of six companies was formed to develop General Magic Corporation for developing the communication software called Typescript. The companies involved in the strategic alliance are Apple, Motorola, Sony, AT&T, Philips and Matsushita (Longenecker, & TenaLoeza, 2010, p. 224). The large organizations not only form strategic alliance with big organizations but also with the small companies too. The alliances are formed in order to form joint ventures for using their skills and expertise to promote their competitive advantage. It links two business entities, without affecting the independent legal status of the firm or company (Kale, & Singh, 2009, p. 2). Strategic Alliance Trends The strategic alliances have become a superficial form of business practice, which has its primary focus on increasing the credibility of the business through association of one of more companies. It is also done for achieving the strategic objectives of the company, entering into new market, increasing the market share, increasing the delivery capacity of the company, reducing the cost of operation, and introducing innovative products or services in the market. The alliances of the companies nowadays contribute to 20-33 percent of their annual revenue. The companies get the advantage of handling larger order volumes; they get bigger customers and can offer high quality products or services to the customers. It can be seen that the strategic alliances between the companies are growing at a pace of 25 percent annually (Keasler, & Denning, n. d., p. 3). In an alliance, the different department of the whole organization get involved such as the sales, marketing, supply chain, delivery department, etc. SO it can be well assumed that the support of the internal resources is necessary for a

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. Editorial One: Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated cat egorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by Australia. However, to verify the details, one made a quick research on the veracity of the facts through a report entitled â€Å"Firearm related deaths in Australia, 1991 – 2001† (Mouzos and Rushforth). The report revealed that although there was a decline in the number of firearm related deaths of 521 in 1996, there were still 437 deaths in 1997, 327 in 1998, 353 in 199, 331 in 2000 and 333 in 2001 (Mouzos and Rushforth). The information therefore clearly negates the assertion that no gun-related incidents ever occurred after enforcement of the gun control law. Editorial Two: Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive From the Denver Post, the editorial article entitled â€Å"Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive† published online on September 23, 2012 was likewise written by an unnamed member of the editorial board. The main argument that the article was disclosing apparent preference of the American public through public opinion polls which disclose that â€Å"polls in recent years have consistently affirmed that Americans believe it's more important to protect the right to own guns than to enact gun control† (Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive par. 6). The discourse likewise made mention of advocates for the right to bear and keep firearms pursuant to the Second Amendment, to wit: â€Å"

Strategic management of small firms Research Proposal

Strategic management of small firms - Research Proposal Example Such firms include entrepreneurial ventures and also business trading entities. The paper is an exploratory study and draws upon existing literature and case studies of small firms to develop the proposed model. Future research scope and applicability has also been discussed. Small firms have been long neglected over the strategic management roles and issues. The problems of identification of factors that influence small firms’ strategic decisions have been restricted to leadership roles and planning techniques. The paper is aimed at resolving this very issue by identification of a framework for strategic management within small firms. Small scale industries have been the key to economic development for most of the countries during their development stage. Studies prove that they contribute towards a major portion of a country’s GDP and growth. This has also led to a huge rise in research in the economic activity of small scale enterprises. However, most research in the field did not prove to be quite resourceful, primarily, owing to the failure of identification of problems associated with the study of small scale companies. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate and develop a framework of strategic management within small enterprises by evaluation of strategies adopted by small companies. The research shall also seek answers to the source of competitive advantage of small enterprises that emerge as successful businesses and thereby analyse the strategic management factors that influence success in small firms. The research rationale in the context of this study is whether there exists any significant difference between the strategic management employed within small firms and that within large firms. If this holds true then, the research seeks to explore the factors that are responsible for strategic management within small firms. The research

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. Editorial One: Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated cat egorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by Australia. However, to verify the details, one made a quick research on the veracity of the facts through a report entitled â€Å"Firearm related deaths in Australia, 1991 – 2001† (Mouzos and Rushforth). The report revealed that although there was a decline in the number of firearm related deaths of 521 in 1996, there were still 437 deaths in 1997, 327 in 1998, 353 in 199, 331 in 2000 and 333 in 2001 (Mouzos and Rushforth). The information therefore clearly negates the assertion that no gun-related incidents ever occurred after enforcement of the gun control law. Editorial Two: Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive From the Denver Post, the editorial article entitled â€Å"Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive† published online on September 23, 2012 was likewise written by an unnamed member of the editorial board. The main argument that the article was disclosing apparent preference of the American public through public opinion polls which disclose that â€Å"polls in recent years have consistently affirmed that Americans believe it's more important to protect the right to own guns than to enact gun control† (Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive par. 6). The discourse likewise made mention of advocates for the right to bear and keep firearms pursuant to the Second Amendment, to wit: â€Å"

Explain how the Bible shows god as a creator Essay Example for Free

Explain how the Bible shows god as a creator Essay In the bible God is described as the creator of everything. This is accepted without being questioned rather than being a matter of discussion. The nature of God as creator is most clearly seen in passages from genesis and Psalms. God is described as the creator meaning he designed and produced everything. According to Christian tradition, God caused the Universe to exist, he is responsible for the Universe coming into existence and existing at every moment. God is also responsible for everything that will ever exist in the Universe. To understand why exactly God is considered as the creator of everything it is helpful to look at the concepts of good being omnipotence, omnipresent and omniscience. Omnipotence literally means that God is all powerful. No one is and will ever be more powerful than he is. Within this lies the idea that nothing logically possible is beyond the power of God. Even though miracles happened in the Bible it does not mean that God can make the impossible happen like square circles. But it simply says that God is responsible for the way the universe works. Omnipresent is very easy to understand, it simply means that God is everywhere, and by implication in every moment. Finally, omniscience is the idea that God is all-knowing. There is nothing that happens in the universe physically, mentally or spiritually that God does not know. As he is just everywhere, Christians also say they have a relationship with God because he is always with them. They can trust and rely on him. Sometimes god is even seen as a craftsman. In the bible you will not find a guidance of how God created the world and on what exact date, but you will find an account of the way God is intimately involved in the making of all the living and non-living things of which the universe consists. How God made the world himself. The Bible also talks about the spirit of God how it moved through darkness before the earth existed. The Spirit of God is also translated as the breath of God and the moving as brooding. This gives the idea of good breathing life itself into our world and like a parent he was brooding over that life. He all did it himself, with love and passion he was involved in creating the universe. Like a parent God watched over us, wanted exactly us to be in this world and to be born. Exactly the way we are. It seems like he formed us, like a potter. We are crafted by God. Isabel Odenwà ¤lder ‘God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe’ The extent to which God is responsible for what happens in the universe is determined by the limitations of our belief in Gods omnipotence and omniscience. Defined, God’s omnipotence describes his limitless power; a concept which incorporates the belief that God has the power to control what is happening, God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe. His omniscience refers to his unlimited knowledge. God knows everything. You could argue that God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe because his omnipotence and omniscience is shown all through the bible. God created the univers because he wanted it to happen, he is omnipotent. But this also leads to a contradiction. If you accept that God knows everything, that he is responsible for everything that happens in the universe and that he loves us and we are having a relationship with him, then why would he allow so many terrible things to happen in the world? As example in the creation story when god created the world and the human kind. God created the paradise, the world for us, gave us fruitful earth and wild animals. He created something beautiful. And it all happened after his will, he decided how trees would look like and how strawberries would taste. He gave Eve and Adam the best conditions for a good life. But Adam and Eve were not satisfied with what they had after a while. They wanted more. So eventually they ate an apple from the tree which they were not allowed to eat from. As soon as they did so, the paradise was not how it used to be. This part in the bible says that God gave us the world under best conditions everything was great but sometimes we make mistakes and wrong decisions, we act wrong. Sometimes humans are too selfish and greedy. The problem of most natural disasters is not the disaster itself but the fact that there is not enough help and money on site. But we could change that, we are responsible too for what is happening. We can always make a change! If we would life like God wants us to, we would not have any starving children in Africa or any other problems like that. God is not responsible for our very own actions. He is like a parent ‘brooding us’ he gave our mind with which we can think and act. The rest is up to us. In my opinion God is responsible  for the existing of our earth he is the reason why we live. If we need support and someone to talk to we can rely on him. But God gave us our minds to think, to make our own decisions. God have us our lives but he does not life them. We do.

What Is The Cause Of Water Pollution?

What Is The Cause Of Water Pollution? When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits. Water pollution has many sources. The most polluting of them are the city sewage and industrial waste discharged into the rivers. The facilities to treat waste water are not adequate in any city in India. Presently, only about 10% of the waste water generated is treated; the rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies. Due to this, pollutants enter groundwater, rivers, and other water bodies. Such water, which ultimately ends up in our households, is often highly contaminated and carries disease-causing microbes. Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that drains into rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and pesticides. Domestic sewage refers to waste water that is discarded from households. Also referred to as sanitary sewage, such water contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities. Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD The amount of organic material that can rot in the sewage is measured by the biochemical oxygen demand. BOD is the amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to decompose the organic substances in sewage. Therefore, the more organic material there is in the sewage, the higher the BOD. It is among the most important parameters for the design and operation of sewage treatment plants. BOD levels of industrial sewage may be many times that of domestic sewage. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor that determines the quality of water in lakes and rivers. The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the better the water quality. When sewage enters a lake or stream, micro-organisms begin to decompose the organic materials. Oxygen is consumed as micro-organisms use it in their metabolism. This can quickly deplete the available oxygen in the water. When the dissolved oxygen levels drop too low, many aquatic species perish. In fact, if the oxygen level drops to zero, the water will be come septic. When organic compounds decompose without oxygen, it gives rise to the undesirable odours usually associated with septic or putrid conditions. It amounts to a very small fraction of the sewage by weight. But it is large by volume and contains impurities such as organic materials and plant nutrients that tend to rot. The main organic materials are food and vegetable waste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps, washing powders, etc. Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes. Thus, disposal of domestic waste water is a significant technical problem. Sewage generated from the urban areas in India has multiplied manifold since 1947. Today, many people dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and seas, thus making water bodies the final resting place of cans, bottles, plastics, and other household products. The various substances that we use for keeping our houses clean add to water pollution as they contain harmful chemicals. In the past, people mostly used soaps made from animal and vegetable fat for all types of washing. But most of todays cleaning products are synthetic detergents and come from the petrochemical industry. Most detergents and washing powders contain phosphates, which are used to soften the water among other things. These and other chemicals contained in washing powders affect the health of all forms of life in the water. What is the Cause of Water Pollution? Water pollution refers to the changes in the physical, biological, and chemical conditions of any body of water which harmfully disrupts the balance of the ecosystem. Like any type of pollution, water pollution results when an overwhelming amount of waste coming from different sources of pollutants can no longer be accommodated by the natural ecosystem. Consequently, when the wastes are not destroyed as fast as they are produced, they make it unfavorable to humans and many other organisms. But thats not all. Learn more about what causes water pollution. There are actually many specific reasons behind what causes water pollution. However, it is important to familiarize yourself with the two main categories of water pollution. Some pollution comes directly from ones specific location. This type of pollution is called point source pollution such as sewage pipes that empty polluted water into the river and farmland. Meanwhile, non-point source pollution is pollution that comes from large areas like gasoline and other dirt from highways that go into the lakes and rivers.http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1068/1023347477_821ecbb29e.jpg What are the causes water pollution? Who are the culprits who should be responsible for the harm brought by their pollutants? How do these sources of pollution pollute different bodies of water? One major cause of water pollution that has caused serious environmental and health problems are the pollutants coming from chemical and industrial processes. When factories and manufacturers pour their chemicals and livestock wastes directly into streams and rivers, the water becomes poisonous and oxygen levels are depleted causing many aquatic organisms to die. These wastes include solvents and toxic substances. Most of the wastes are not biodegradable. Power plants, paper mills, refineries, automobile factories dispose waste into the rivers. The heated water from the power plants is called thermal pollution. This kills aquatic animals and plants by reducing the oxygen content of the water. Power plants use water to cool their machineries, thus changing the temperature of the water. Aside from thermal pollution, there are also organic and inorganic pollutants. The organic wastes include refuse from slaughter houses, fish and meat canning factories, and leather tanning companies, manufacturing plants, pesticides and crude oil companies. Since organic wastes are decomposed by microorganisms, much of the dissolved oxygen in water is used up and the waster begins to stink. Inorganic wastes include toxic and corrosive substances like acids, heavy metals, mercury, cadmium and lead which can impair the normal body processes. Battery manufacturers, mining, paper mills increase the concentration of mercury making the water dangerous and poisonous for most living things. Another cause of water pollution is from pesticides. Farm pesticides poison aquatic plants and animals. Animal manure, chemical fertilizers, phosphate detergent pollute water by supplying excess nutrients. This pollution is known as eutrophication. This greatly increases the growth of algae in water thereby decreasing the amount of oxygen level in water causing the death of many aquatic organisms. Water is also being polluted by garbage specifically plastics and other plastic-like substances. Some plastic like nylon can entangle fishes and other marine animals. Plastics that have broken down into tiny pieces can be eaten by sea creatures which may cause their death. Since plastic is non-biodegradable, it will continue to kill more fishes. One more cause of water pollution is sewage coming from households. Since no one wants to live in a polluted area, near a dumpsite or landfill, the wastewater and untreated sewage are carried away from the home polluting different bodies of water. Most developing countries practice this type of sewage disposal. Even modern countries carry poorly treated sewage to canals leading to major bodies of water. The danger is when the sewage pipes gets broken and waste contaminates the drinking water. When this happens, the breakage will open a wide array of water borne diseases that will surely pose peril to consumers. Last among the causes of water pollution are personal care and household products. Shampoo, lotion, moisturizer, hair dye, bleach, laundry detergent, fabric softener, and many others contribute to water pollution. Human waste is not the only thing that goes to sewage. These products also join the wastewater to contaminate the streams, rivers, and lakes. Although the world abounds with water, only three percent of it is potable. Included in the 3% source of potable water are the streams, spring, rivers, lakes, and waterfalls that are continuously being threatened and contaminated by the different factors that cause of water pollution. If the sources of water pollution are not controlled, this basic necessity will eventually become a rare commodity only a few can afford to have. Agricultural Run off Eutrophication When fresh water is artificially supplemented with nutrients, it results in an abnormal increase in the growth of water plants. This is known as eutrophication. The discharge of waste from industries, agriculture, and urban communities into water bodies generally stretches the biological capacities of aquatic systems. Chemical run-off from fields also adds nutrients to water. Excess nutrients cause the water body to become choked with organic substances and organisms. When organic matter exceeds the capacity of the micro-organisms in water that break down and recycle the organic matter, it encourages rapid growth, or blooms, of algae. When they die, the remains of the algae add to the organic wastes already in the water; eventually, the water becomes deficient in oxygen. Anaerobic organisms (those that do not require oxygen to live) then attack the organic wastes, releasing gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide, which are harmful to the oxygen-requiring (aerobic) forms of life. The result is a foul-smelling, waste-filled body of water. This has already occurred in such places as Lake Erie and the Baltic Sea, and is a growing problem in freshwater lakes all over India. Eutrophication can produce problems such as bad tastes and odours as well as green scum algae. Also the growth of rooted plants increases, which decreases the amount of oxygen in the deepest waters of the lake. It also leads to the death of all forms of life in the water bodies. The use of land for agriculture and the practices followed in cultivation greatly affect the quality of groundwater. Intensive cultivation of crops causes chemicals from fertilizers (e.g. nitrate) and pesticides to seep into the groundwater, a process commonly known as leaching. Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture and indiscriminate disposal of industrial and domestic wastes are increasingly being recognized as significant sources of water pollution. The high nitrate content in groundwater is mainly from irrigation run-off from agricultural fields where chemical fertilizers have been used indiscriminately. Industrial effluents Waste water from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to water pollution. Industrial waste water usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds. During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few subsectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry. In fact, a number of large- and medium-sized industries in the region covered by the Ganga Action Plan do not have adequate effluent treatment facilities. Most of these defaulting industries are sugar mills, distilleries, leather processing industries, and thermal power stations. Most major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case with small-scale industries, which cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment as their profit margin is very slender. Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants Most water pollutants are eventually carried by the rivers into the oceans. In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. Advanced computer models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in the New York Bight, for example. The highest toxin loads are not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometers south, since several days are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by excess nutrients from algal cell death and decomposition. Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the foodchain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification which is occasionally used interchangeably with bioaccumulation.http://feww.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/water-pollution.JPG The big gyres in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. The North Pacific Gyre for example has collected the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these long-lasting pieces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation. Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals are the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetrachloroethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids all use of chemicals). Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride). http://www.sos-arsenic.net/images/uttra-lake.jpg Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography. There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. Some of these secondary impacts are: Silt bearing surface runoff from can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Thermal pollution can induce fish kills and invasion by new thermophilic species. This can cause further problems to existing wildlife. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION The effects of water pollution are seen in Thermal, Heavy Metal, Agricultural regions and due to fertilizers, chemicals, oil and contaminated ground water. Effects of Water Pollution Effects of Run-off Pollution Rain picks up dirt and silt and carries it into the water. If the dirt and silt settle in the water body, then these sediments prevent sunlight from reaching aquatic plants. If the Sun cant reach the plants, these perish. These sediments also clog fish gills and smother organisms that live on the bottom of the body of the water. Effects of Oil Pollution and Antifreeze If oil is spilled on the water, the effects on the ecosystem and the components are harmful. Many animals can be annihilated in case they ingest oil. Oil contaminated prey may be a reason of death for many. If the oil coats the feathers of birds, these may die. Oil and antifreeze makes the water have a foul odor and there is a sticky film on the surface of water that kills animals. Oil is the most harmful pollutant in the water. Contaminated Ground Water Effects If contaminated water enters the ground, there may be serious effects. People may become very sick and there is a probability of developing liver or kidney problems and cancer or other illnesses. Fertilizers and other chemicals Nitrates in drinking water leads to diseases of infants that may lead to their death. Cadmium is a metal in sludge-derived fertilizer. This can be absorbed by crops. When people ingest this, they may cause diarrheal disorders, liver and kidney damage. The inorganic substances like mercury, arsenic and lead are the causes of pollution. Other chemicals can also lead to problems concerning the taste, smell and color of water. Pesticides, PCBs and PCPs are all poisonous to all sorts of life. Pesticides are used in farming, homes and forestry. PCBs are found as insulators in old electrical transformers. PCPs are found in products like wood preservatives. Effects of Agricultural Water Pollution Rain and irrigation water drains off cultivated land that has been fertilized and treated with pesticides, the excess nitrogen and poisons are mixed with it into the water supply. These pesticides are toxic and pollute the water in a different mode. Aquatic plants growth cause de-oxygenation of water and annihilate flora and fauna in a stream, lake and river. Fertilizers enhance the growth of bacteria that are in water and increase the concentration of bacteria to hazardous levels. Effects of Thermal Water Pollution Machinery in the industries are cooled with water from lakes and rivers. This water reaches the river in a heated state. This water decreases the ability of the aquatic system to hold oxygen and raises the growth of warm water species. Effects of Heavy Metal Water Pollution Heavy metals like lead, mercury, iron, cadmium, aluminum and magnesium are present in water sources. If these metals are present in the sediment, these reach the food chain through plants and aquatic animals. This causes heavy metal poisoning in case the level in the water is very high. Some other effects of water pollution In rivers, oceans and seas, water pollution effects flora and fauna in them. Further, the birds and animals that consume this contaminated food supply can perish. Blood diseases, nervous system disorders and heart diseases are some of the effects of water pollution. Many toxins in polluted water lead to cancer. Rarely, the bodys chromosomal makeup can be altered. Some of the less potent effects are skin lesions, vomiting and diarrhea. The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution. The individual and the community can help minimize water pollution. By simple housekeeping and management practices the amount of waste generated can be minimized.http://www.danharlow.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/esa-ganesh-img1.jpg GLOBAL WATER POLLUTION Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer. CONCLUSION Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don ¿Ã‚ ½t end up in sewage treatment plants that cannott handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely. Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the worlds environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed. See full size imagehttp://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/runoff_186.jpg http://davetheroyale.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/global-warming-copy2.jpg

WAL-MART Essay -- essays research papers

Over the last few years the cost declines of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, combined with improvements in sensitivity, range and durability, have enabled widespread RFID use in the logistical planning and operation segments of supply chain management processes. Specifically, areas such as security and access control, tracking, and monitoring/management will strategically be enhanced from the use of this technology. An RFID tag consists of a microchip and an antenna, often in the form of a tiny ribbon that can in turn be packaged into many forms, such as a label, or imbedded in between the cardboard layers in a carton. On the microchip is stored information about the product that the tag is affixed to, which can then be â€Å"read† when the tag passes within proximity of an RFID â€Å"reader†. This information is almost instantly relayed back to a computer system that updates the location status of the associated product. This procedure enables great efficiencies and cost reductions with respect to inventory management and control in a physical product environment, and also enables innovative applications in locating and tracking people and assets in a services environment. (Hagans, Andy, RFID Magazine)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This environment changed dramatically last June when Wal-Mart Stores announced that it would require its top 100 suppliers to put RFID tags on shipping crates and pallets by January 1st 2005. Earlier this month, Wal-Mart announced that i...

The Problem of Sustainability Essay -- essays research papers

In this chapter the author David Orr explains the causes of our unfortunate condition from the social confining situation to those that are inevitable part of human condition. As the author looks into the future three crises will be imminent: the food crisis as result of worldwide soil losses and rapidly expands of population, The cheap energy, the race between the fossil fuels and the solar energy, and the climate change. This has to do with the limits of the natural resource. Besides these crises the writer mentions the crisis of the spiritual resources. Human need a new vision of the link them to the planet in a more life-centered. The crisis as a social trap is part of lucid behavior in situation typified by multiple but conflicting rewards. The rewards are short terms but the costs are long term and paid by all. One of the solutions that will deter the human to get into those traps will be if the costs are paid up front as part of the purchase price. Effort to build a sustainable society on assumption human rationality must be regarded as partial solution. Recognition of these social traps and making policies to avoid them will help in building sustainable society. The crisis as consequence of the economic growth has to do with the propensity of all industrial society to grow beyond the limits of the natural systems. Human use 40 percent of the net productivity of the ecosystem on the planet, changing the was the climate, exterminating species, and toxifying ecosys...

“Edward Scissorhands” by Tim Burton Essay

What type of and what journeys are undertaken in the film Edward Scissor hands by Tim Burton? The movie takes place in an entirely artificial world, where a Gothic castle crouches on a mountain top high above a story book suburb with a goofy neighbourhood where all of the houses are shades of pastels and all of the inhabitants seem to be emotional clones of the jetsons. Edward’s Journey The main character, Edward goes on a major journey. From the beginning of the film we see scenes depicting how it feels if you are different and are amongst people who fit neatly into societies accepted roles. Edward is looking for love and understanding, which is something that you long for. He has been taken from his comfort zone to a more populated and somewhat scary environment. Edwards journey is learning how to trust, and how to fully understand that people with differences are sometimes better off alone. Taken from his comfort zone and being put into a busy and noisy neighbourhood, Edward realises that there is going to be major changes in his life in order for him to adapt to his new environment and new ways of living. He is an outcast, trying to find his place in a world in which he does not belong. He has significant differences in his appearance to the everyday person with 5 fingers and toes, instead he has sharp scissors as hands and an ashen white complexion. Burton uses this as a prop for discrimination, and that’s exactly what Edward gets. He knows he is different physically but wants to show people that he can love and he does have feelings and its whats on the inside of a person that really counts, and this is what Kim saw in Edward. Whilst Edward helps Pegg chop the lettuce for the barbeque, he see’s Pegg open a can of bettroot. He experiences a flash back that takes the ausience on a journey through an old lab or factory. The inventorappears and marvels at his cookie machine. He picks up a cookie in the shape of a heart and  holds it up to the chest of a robbot that has scissors for hands and is chopping lettuce. This shows Edwards inner journey so far, having been giving feelings and a heart. Burton gives the suggestionthat these inner qualities are more important than hands. Edwards Inventor died before he gave Edward his hands. When Edward see’s a photo of Kim his eyes light up with intense feelings. Upon meeting Kim, it was evident that their would be a connection between the two characters, and a romantic journey would soon be on the way. Kim’s Journey Kim is Pegg Boggs daughter who is going out with a dead beat called Jim. Kim acted as most teenagers would if they came home to find that there was a strange young man with scissors for hands sleeping in their bed. At first she makes fun of Edward and uses him unwillingly to break into her obnoxious boyfriend’s house. Soon after this event Kim begins to see Edwards beauty and uniqueness in comparison to the people she is surrounded by everyday. Kim goes on a an inner journey of self discovery and learns a valuable lesson of life in general, that being that it doesn’t matter if the person is back white or blue you accept them for who they are on the inside, and that’s all that matters. She has full acceptance of differences and believes in Edward. The Community However the Neighbourhood’s journey is motivated by how they can use Edward Physically. They learn to accept him because he can be useful to them. At First they were unsure, but when they saw him as an object for their own fulfilment, they were quick to accept his peculiar yet useful appearance There is one character in the film who lives next door to the Boggs family, She is a very religious women and tries to get the neighbourhood to watch out for Edward, and that he is a message sent from Satan, and he is no good.  At First this didn’t seem to worry the neighbourhood, but perhaps on the inside they were very cautious of his difference to the norm society. But not everyone shares sypathethies and some bad guys are determined to abuse the naive and innocent Edward. Suddenly, after the burglary, rumours spread like wildfire and suddenly once again, everyone is staying away from the lonely young man. Yet only Kim has faith What Obstacles or challenges do some of the characters undergo or face during their journeys. Edward The first challenge or obstacle for Edward is really at the beginning of the film when he is in the car with Pegg. It is obvious that Edward has never been outside his castle, he is fascinated by the surroundings of the town, he tries to look closer but hits his head on the window, not realising its their. It is soon recognised by the viewer just how much Edward has been out of contact with the rest of the world, something that would soon be changing. Dealing with the fact that his inventor died Edward was forced to move on with his life living totally by himself with scissors for hands and no real friends. He had to live with the fact that he was an invention that was never quite finished and he would never change, a task within itself being hard to deal with. This for him would have been hard to deal with but he used his time sculpting plants into animals and maintaining a beautiful garden, whilst in the winter when it would snow, Edward would carve ice sculptures with his gift and talent using his scissors. Edward has to face the community at a big neighbourhood barbecue where he is confronted with many different people and their attitudes. He was put on the spot to see all of these people with normal lives compared to him only meeting one person in his life†¦and that being his inventor, Edward only ever knew one other human, so meeting new people was quiet a large task for him. He had to watch the girl that he was falling in love with, get tormented by her boyfriend, but did things for her that were morally wrong, but did it out of the goodness of his heart. Edward knows that Jim is not good for Kim, but doesn’t try to stop her from being with him, instead he uses his somewhat peculiar charm to win her over, which he himself never thought was possible. Another challenge that Edward faces is that of which when he is confronted by Pegg Boggs at the start of the film. She decides to go to the castle, where no one else has ever been just to see if she could sell some Avon. She finds Edward and her first impression is that she tries to leave†¦but he says, † wait†. She stops, looks at him, and then applies some treatment to his face. He is scared when she touches him, but then just stands there. Its this trusts that started Edward on his journey to believing in others. Eating dinner was another challenge Edward faced at the dinner table. Everyone would watch as he tries to grasp a pea in the clamp of the scissors but no success. It would be even harder with Kevin (Kim’s brother) watching him all the time. It made him feel different and in a sense not included. Poor Edward yet again was made to feel as an individual. Kim When Edward first arrived Kim was not too sure about him, and her boyfriend didn’t like him either. She would go out with her boyfriend and come home and look at Edward, on the inside she knew she liked him, but didn’t know if it was physically possible. She was faced with a serious challenge when her boyfriend asked her to get Edward to join into the robbery. She knew it was morally wrong but did it to keep her boyfriend happy. Yet when Edward gets stuck inside the house, Kim try’s to get Jim to help but Jim is so obnoxious he quickly drives away. She knows in her heart that she needs to get Edward out, and knows he is scared. However the next day, when Edward gets home from gaol, He says that he did  not dob her in, and when she asks why he says that † I did it because you asked me to†. So Kim really feels for Edward, he has a gentle spirit, and it is clearly portrayed through his personality. What Discoveries or changes are made? Edward One of Edwards’s major discoveries is just how different he is compared to the rest of neighbourhood and society. When he actually gets out and sees’s what life is like outside his own home, he discovers that he is the only one with such a significant difference. And discovers that people with such physical differences are often discriminated against for being unique in there own personal way. Although this makes him upset, he chooses for it not to affect him. The neighbourhood accepts him in a perverse and freakish way, the people seeing him as a curiosity. He soon becomes popular for his gift of cutting hedges into pieces of beautiful art and arousing the dormant passions of spiteful housewives. Kim Kim discovers that it doesn’t matter what a person looks like, or what they do in their life, its what they have on the inside that counts. Edward has a pure gentle and kind heart and is willing to love her with all his soul. She realises that a persons emotions build their character more than their handsome looks. By the end of the Film, when she pretends Edward has died, On the inside Kim knows that there has been a spiritual change in her life. She no longer judges people by their appearance, but furthermore the content of their character. What techniques does the composer use to convey meaning? And what are the effects of those techniques? Tim Burton has always been a guarantor for visionary movie making a very strong visually driven direction. This style makes him a very  distinguishable director but at the same time makes him very unique as well. Burton always gives the material a spin that is unique and interesting, no matter how banal the subject may appear at first. With this film, however, he created a romantic drama with serious undertones, very serious and dark, to the point that the film’s opening almost plays like a classic horror film. Successful satire has to have a place to stand, and a target to aim at. The entire world of Edward Scissorhands is satire, and so, Edward inhabits it, rather than taking an aim at it. Even if he lived in a more hospitable world, however, it is hard to tell what satirical comment Edward would have to make, because the movie makes an abrupt switch in his character about two thirds of the way through. Until then he has been a gentle goofy soul, a quixotic outsider. Like all good fairy-tale fables, this one has a moral. People who are different are going to have a difficult time in this world. It’s an easy moral for almost anybody to relate to since almost everybody has felt different at one time or another, especially in one’s youth. What teenager hasn’t longed to be the Student Body President, the quarterback of the football team, the captain of the cheerleading squad, the straight-A scholar, the popular, gorgeous or handsome kid as the case may be, instead of the middling nerd, the undesirable, the social reject we’ve sometimes felt we were? But for Burton that isn’t enough. He also piles on layers of slight, superficial satire. He pokes fun at middle-class suburban living middle-class values, small-town hypocrisy, small-mindedness, gossiping, and backbiting. One of the most striking aspects of the film is its visual style. From the character of Edward, to the looming castle and the peculiar small town suburbia, everything is stylised to extremes. The neighbourhoods are all painted in bright pastel colours with houses that are as uniform as the attitudes of its inhabitants, and Edwards’s artistry only furthers the impression of a completely artificial world. His trademark use of miniatures is in full force with the long shots of the town and mansion. His camera work is smooth and flowing, and the film has a wonderful sense of humour The film certainly does not fall flat of a narrative even though all its focus is on the visuals. Although since it is a rather traditional outsider story, told in a very different way one could argue the plot is rather predictable. The presentation, the pacing and emotional impact created by the film is just as powerful and makes â€Å"Edward Scissorhands† a beautifully enchanting modern day fairy tale with a social subtext. It has a somewhat cyclic nature. Flash backs show Edwards inner journey. In one particular flashback Edward sees his inventor contemplating giving Edward feelings and emotions with significance to a heart shaped cookie. It’s in this flash back that suggests these inner qualities are more important than hands. The colour of these flash backs being black and white play a significant part in the movie. The black and white tones of these flashbacks emphasises the time change of the rather dark idea of a person being constructed scientifically, but still the most important part is his feelings. There are many shots where misenscene’s are used. Like when Kim and Edward hug. This frame shows them in a close up, emphasising this new love The whole film indicates an inner journey is taking place from the establishment shots in which the camera pans over the mountain and the village indicating to the audience of the unique contrast. The music used by Danny Elfman compliments every shot made. From the beginning when the camera pans over the mountain there is heavy tones of dark mysterious music, but when then put to contrast to the neighbourhood there is soft calm music and birds chirping. Its these contrast that help set the scenes in the film. Edward Scissorhands presents this outlandishly strange premise, but with a gentleness worthy of Edward himself, Burton demonstrates how Edward is just an extreme metaphor for the gangliness and isolation experienced by most  adolescents. Kim is a popular beauty-queen among her school set, but she isn’t any happier than Edward is. Besides, she doesn’t even seem to have a special trait or reliably unique skill, at least her new brother of sorts can cut hair, clip hedges, and provide excellent show-and-tell material for her younger brother. The film opens with a loving grandmother offering to explain to her adorable granddaughter where snow comes from, and then turns into a dark and disturbing parable of loneliness, nonconformity, and the tyranny of small minds. Edward Scissorhands, is a deeply touching movie, it isn’t overtly a Christmas movie, but it does touch on the grimmer side of the religion that currently dominates the much more ancient tradition of a midwinter celebration. The appropriately over-the-top performances from much of the cast and the overly bright fakeness of the world their characters inhabit might make it easy for some to dismiss Edward Scissorhands as fluff fantasy with nothing of importance to offer, but Johnny Depp won’t let that happen. Regardless of the oddity of his character, Depp keeps the film rooted in reality — whatever motive you attribute to the neighbours, the profound affect that their mass rejection of Edward has on him is undeniably, recognisably true. Edward is heartbreakingly poignant. His sudden rage, which he expresses by ripping his scissors across wallpaper and drapes, is all the more startling because he has been so courteous with his sharp edges before. His â€Å"fingers† snap and twitch when he’s nervous, which is often — not equipped with the verbal skills to defend himself, his despair radiates wordlessly. Even Edward’s humorous moments — as when he encounters the one piece of furniture to which he’s a serious danger: a waterbed — Depp imbues with a touch of pathos. How does â€Å"Edward Scissorhands† relate to the core text â€Å"My Place†? Pegg Boggs and Sally Morgan share a similar personality trait. Both characters have big hearts and kind souls. In â€Å"Edward Scissorhands† Pegg strives to help Edward deal with his differences. Just like Sally who tries  to get her grandmother to talk and accept her true identity. Both characters try to get their close ones to accept themselves for who they are, and to know that its what’s on the inside of a person that really matters, not what they look like. Sally excepts that Nan has been brought up in a different era and accepts this different, just like Pegg accepts Edward and his situation. However â€Å"My Place† and â€Å"Edward Scissorhands† involve completely different journeys in the sense that Morgan’s is a true account and autobiography of her real family and Tim Burtons film is a fantasy. This contrast shows that scissors for hands is a symbol illustration that is used to point out the discrimination felt by people who are actually physically different, just like Nan and Gladys who were discriminated against for their aboriginality. After Edward’s inventor died, he stayed living in the big house alone. This hiding away is parallel to Nan and Gladys hiding their Aboriginality. However both Sally and Pegg bring out the inner beauty of these people with differences and give them the sense of security and reassurance that they were both once unable to feel.

Review for psychology pavlovs theory Essay

IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS OF A CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED RESPONSE: For each of the following identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR. 1.Alexander is four years old. One night his parents decided to light a fire in the family room fireplace. A burning ember jumped out of the fireplace and landed on Alexander’s leg, creating a nasty burn. He cried because the burn hurt. A week later, when Alexander’s parents start to light another fire in the fireplace, Alexander begins to cry. (UCS: burn; UCR: crying; CS: fire in the fireplace; CR: crying) 2.Emily is driving to work during a heavy snowstorm when the brake lights on the car ahead of her come on. She hits her brakes but is unable to avoid hitting the car. She is badly shaken up in the accident. The next time she is driving in the snow she notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her. (UCS: accident; UCR: shaken up; CS: driving in the snow; CR: tensing up) 3.Bill’s mom followed the same routine before serving dinner–she would put ice in the glasses and then call â€Å"come and get it, dinner’s ready†. Immediately upon hearing those words, Bill would quickly run down the stairs. After awhile, Bill would come running down the stairs when he heard the ice hitting the glasses. (UCS: mom calling â€Å"come and get it, dinner’s ready†; UCR: running down the stairs; CS: ice hitting the glasses; CR: running down the stairs) 4.Gary is the client relations officer at his firm. The phone in his office has â€Å"caller id† so that the client can be identified before he answers the phone. After receiving a call with a rude client, Gary would be very annoyed and agitated. He began to notice that the rude calls tended to come from clients that were identified by a â€Å"1-800† number on the caller id. Therefore, whenever a â€Å"1-800† number appeared, he would become annoyed. (UCS: call from a rude client; UCR: annoyance and agitation; CS: â€Å"1-800† number on the caller ID; CR: annoyance) 5.When Ann was a college freshman, she was assigned to live in a very old dormitory. The old plumbing system produced a problem when one person was taking a shower and one person need to flush the toilet–shortly after a person flushed the toilet, all of the cold water left the shower leaving only the hot water. The first time this happened, Ann was scalded by the hot water. She yelped and jumped back. The next day, as soon as she heard the toilet  flush she jumped back. (UCS: hot water on body; UCR: jumping back; CS: toilet flushing; CR: jumping back) IDENTIFYING OUTCOMES IN OPERANT CONDITIONING: Indicate whether each situation involves positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. 1.Fred gets a speeding ticket. (positive punishment) NOTE: This example can be used to demonstrate one of the limitations of punishment–suppressing behavior but not eliminating it. Students will usually indicate that getting a speeding ticket leads some people to buy a radar detector! 2.Emily’s professor compliments her writing ability. (positive reinforcement) 3.Zachary is expelled from school for cheating on an exam. (negative punishment) NOTE: This example can be used to demonstrate that one person’s punishment is another person’s reinforcement. Expulsion from school is intended to be negative punishment–removing the privilege of attending school, presumably a pleasant stimulus. However, students could view it as negative reinforcement–removing the annoying constraint of being forced to attend school, known (at least to some students) to be an unpleasant stimulus! 4.Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his entire body aches and he throws up. (positive punishment) 5.Linda buys her daughter a candy bar so that she will not be embarrassed by her daughter’s temper tantrum. (negative reinforcement for Linda, positive reinforcement for the daughter) NOTE: This example can be used to demonstrate that parents can unintentionally reinforce a child’s behavior–a nice warning for the students in class who may some day be parents. 6.George shoots up heroin to ward off the symptoms associated with heroin withdrawal. (negative reinforcement) NOTE: Some students will misidentify this as an example of positive reinforcement. They will indicate that shooting up heroin is pleasurable and presentation of a pleasant stimulus is the definition of positive reinforcement. Tell students that a situation can be viewed as either positive or negative reinforcement depending on how it is viewed. Shooting up heroin could be considered positive reinforcement if it is viewed from the perspective of producing a pleasurable â€Å"high† feeling.  However, if it is viewed from the perspective of avoiding the aversive stimulus of withdrawal symptoms then it is an example of avoidance conditioning–a type of negative reinforcement. 7.Edna constantly complains about her husband to colleagues at work. Her co-workers get tired of her and no longer provide her with sympathy. (negative punishment) TYPES OF FORGETTING: For each of the following indicate which type of forgetting is responsible for each situation: Alexander is having trouble using his new computer program because he keeps entering commands from the program he used to use. (proactive interference) Carolyn is in a serious boating accident. Afterwards, she cannot remember her name or where she lives. (retrograde amnesia) Although Scott used to drive a stick shift car, he can not remember much about how to shift gears manually since lately he has been driving an automatic car. (retroactive interference) Jerry is unable to remember the name of a restaurant when his friend, George, comes by and says, â€Å"I feel like I have died and gone to heaven because Joan has finally agreed to go out with me†. Suddenly, Jerry remembers the name of the restaurant–Taco Heaven. (lack of an appropriate retrieval cue) Robert was the passenger in a car involved in a head-on collision. He has been unable to remember anythi ng that has happened since the day of the accident. (anterograde amnesia)