Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Assess Client and Manage Patient for Respiratory-myassignmenthelp
Respiratory- The most urgent nursing assessment priority is to conduct respiratory assessment of patient to get information related to respiratory rate, auscultation of the lungs and oxygen saturation rate of patient after fall. This is important because high falls often cause soft tissue injury to lungs and may lead to subdural hematoma (Granhed et al. 2017). Hence, respiratory assessment may give idea about level of respiratory problem or soft tissue injury in patient after fall. GIT and metabolic- This assessment is important for patients because Jake has mainly complained about abdomen pain since admission to the ED. During this assessment, information about past medical history, current lifestyle and medication and nutritional uptake is necessary to determine the impact of any of these factors in contributing to stomach pain. It may indicate about intolerance to some food or side effects of medication since Jake is talking many medications. Onset, intensity and duration of pain will help to determine the correct medication for patient too (Macaluso and McNamara 2012). CVS- As the patient sustained fall from high height, checking vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate is necessary to identify symptoms of anxiety and heart rate variability in patients after fall. It may also give idea about the cardiovascular causes of falls (Palvanen et al. 2014) CNS- CNS assessment is important for Jake because fall from high height might have resulted in brain injury in patient and it may help to predict level of consciousness in patient after fall. This assessment may help the nurse to take further action to minimize future fall incidents. Renal- Falls are associated with decrease in renal function in patient and renal assessment might indicate about fluid balances status and urinary pattern after fall (Gallagher, Rapuri and Smith 2007). Skin- Skin assessment is also a vital assessment for patients as he might have sustained several skin injury and color of skin, temperature and moisture can give idea about any skin infection. Psychological and discharge- Assessment in this area is needed to understand Jake’s emotion and view after fall. This will to gather motivation of patient for recovery and mental capacity to handle challenges in the treatment process. The essential nursing assessment for patient with left sided chest pain will be to collect HEART score of patients as it will give data related to history, ECG, age, risk factors and troponin (Six et al. 2013). The data can help to determine the ischemic nature of chest pain in Jake. The PQRST assessment tool can also help to determine the main factor and severity of pain patient. As Jake has history of hypertension, the BP assessment of patient will also be essential to determine the cardiovascular risk status of patient and cardiovascular cause of chest pain (Daskalopoulou et al. 2015). Left sided chest pain is an indication of heart disorder. Blood clot in the lung or pneumothorax can also lead to sharp pain and chances of this are high in Jake due to fall. Te immediate nursing intervention for left sided chain pain will include immediate vital sign assessment of patient and making Jake sit in a semi-Fowler position to review pain. Oxygenation and relevant drugs will also be needed to reduce the intensity of pain (Abbas 2014). The rational for taking HEART score of patient is that this tool considers the risk stratification component responsible for chest pain and so it can help the clinician to make accurate diagnostic and therapeutic choices for patients like Jake (Six, Backus and Kelder 2008). The main advantage of considering semi-fowler’s position for patient with chest pain is that it facilitates airway management and relieving breathing difficulty in Jake due to chest pain (Godden and CPAN 2016). In addition, oxygen supplementation decreases the pain level if it is ischemic in nature (Raut and Maheshwari 2016). Two actual nursing complications due to left sided chest pain include shortness of breath in patient and risk of heart failure in patient. The two potential nursing complications evident due to left sided chest pain are development of precarditis and postinfarction angina in patient. 1.     Complain of left sided chest pain in patient  ·Ã‚        Monitor and document characteristics, intensity and heart rate or BP changes due to pain  ·Ã‚        Review past medical history of myocardial infarction in patient This nursing intervention will give idea about level of anxiety and intensity of pain in patients (Than et al. 2014). Pain documentation is crucial for resolution of patient’s problem 2.     Risk of ineffective tissue perfusion due to fall injury and abdominal pain  ·Ã‚        Assessment of skin, peripheral pulse, edema and vital signs in patient  ·Ã‚        Assessment of GI function Due to fall from high height, injuries might contribute to pulmonary complications in patients and abdominal pain. Hence, vital sign and skin assessment is critical to assess GI dysfunction and other complication in Jake after falls (Morton et al. 2017). This intervention is beneficial to prevent risk of complication in patients 3.     Risk of excess fluid volume due to fall  ·Ã‚        Maintain fluid intake in patients Auscultation is beneficial in identify and manage risk of heart failure. Maintaining fluid intake is necessary to enhance fluid retention. Jake also take two cans of beer everyday and restricting the use of beer is also necessary for recovery of patient (Platz et al. 2016) Risk of heart failure and circulatory problem in patient can be controlled 4.     Discomfort in patient due to chest and abdominal pain  ·Ã‚        Consider repositioning patients and proving analgesics Positioning will facilitate airway management in patient and analgesics will cause pain relief (Cortà ©s, DiCenso and McKelvie 2015) It is an effective intervention to minimize discomfort and intensity of pain in Jake 5.     Anxiety or fearful attitude in Jake due to chest and abdominal pain and fall injuries  ·Ã‚        Communicate with patient and identify perception and feelings of anger or grief in patient  ·Ã‚        Orient patient to routine and expected activities Communication with patient is important to know about coping capability of patient and reduce symptoms of depression. Orienting to routine activities distract patients from emotional stress and lead to improvement in signs of depression (Jayasinghe et al. 2014) Patient’s expression about current and future worries will help to take adequate steps to mitigate symptoms of anxiety in patient 6.     Acute abdominal pain in patient Abdominal pain in patient might also be caused by diarrhea. Hence, it is necessary to assess bowel movement in patient Bowel movement will help to determine the appropriate food and medications needed for patient to reduce pain Bowel pattern assessment is critical to proactively assess symptoms of nausea, constipation and diarrhea in patient 7.     Risk of bone or muscle injuries due to fall  ·Ã‚        Conduct skeletal/muscular assessment of patient Clinical assessment would help to evaluate the severity of muscle or bone injury On the basis of severity of injury, the nurse can consult the clinician regarding the use of conventional treatment option of medication or going for physiotherapy (Phelan et al. 2014) 8.     Prevent infection in patient  ·Ã‚        Implement hand hygiene and infection control intervention for Jake Due to fall, Jake is dependent on major activities of daily living. This may increase the risk of infection in patient. Hence, maintaining adequate hand hygiene and infection prevention technique is essential to prevent infection (Anderson et al. 2014) Infection control will minimize development of other complications in Jake  ·Ã‚        Regular PQRST assessment is necessary to analyze different factors contributing to pain Routine assessment of chest pain is critical to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction or heart attack in patient PQRST is a structured assessment method to identify the characteristics, intensity and cause of chest pain. Increased dependence in activities of daily living Provide assistance to Jake while walking, moving, dressing and going to washroom Support is ADLs is critical to complete daily life activities and reduce risk of fall in health care setting It is most effective step to support patient during difficulties in ADLs. Low physical activity and risk of obesity related complication in patient Provide guidance in physical therapy and moderate exercise intervention This I s essential to maintain minimum level of physical activity in patients Moderate exercise improved quality of life of critically ill patients Abbas, A.D., 2014. Evaluation Of Nurses ¢ Practices Concerning Chest Pain Management For Patients In The Emergency Unit. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, 4(1).‎ Anderson, D.J., Podgorny, K., Berrà os-Torres, S.I., Bratzler, D.W., Dellinger, E.P., Greene, L., Nyquist, A.C., Saiman, L., Yokoe, D.S., Maragakis, L.L. and Kaye, K.S., 2014. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35(S2), pp.S66-S88. Cortà ©s, O.L., DiCenso, A. and McKelvie, R., 2015. Mobilization Patterns of Patients After an Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pilot Study. Clinical nursing research, 24(2), pp.139-155. Daskalopoulou, S.S., Rabi, D.M., Zarnke, K.B., Dasgupta, K., Nerenberg, K., Cloutier, L., Gelfer, M., Lamarre-Cliche, M., Milot, A., Bolli, P. and McKay, D.W., 2015. The 2015 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 31(5), pp.549-568. Doherty?King, B., Yoon, J.Y., Pecanac, K., Brown, R. and Mahoney, J., 2014. Frequency and duration of nursing care related to older patient mobility. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46(1), pp.20-27. Gallagher, J.C., Rapuri, P. and Smith, L., 2007. Falls are associated with decreased renal function and insufficient calcitriol production by the kidney. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 103(3), pp.610-613. Godden, B. and CPAN, C., 2016. Airway issues. Perianesthesia Nursing Care, p.23. Granhed, H., Altgà ¤rde, E., Akyà ¼rek, L.M. and David, P., 2017. Injuries Sustained by Falls-A Review. Trauma & Acute Care. Ho, P.M., Lambert-Kerzner, A., Carey, E.P., Fahdi, I.E., Bryson, C.L., Melnyk, S.D., Bosworth, H.B., Radcliff, T., Davis, R., Mun, H. and Weaver, J., 2014. Multifaceted intervention to improve medication adherence and secondary prevention measures after acute coronary syndrome hospital discharge: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 174(2), pp.186-193. Jayasinghe, N., Sparks, M.A., Kato, K., Wyka, K., Wilbur, K., Chiaramonte, G., Barie, P.S., Lachs, M.S., O'Dell, M., Evans, A. and Bruce, M.L., 2014. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in older adults hospitalized for fall injury. General hospital psychiatry, 36(6), pp.669-673. Macaluso, C.R. and McNamara, R.M., 2012. Evaluation and management of acute abdominal pain in the emergency department. International journal of general medicine, 5, p.789. Morris, P.B., Ference, B.A., Jahangir, E., Feldman, D.N., Ryan, J.J., Bahrami, H., El-Chami, M.F., Bhakta, S., Winchester, D.E., Al-Mallah, M.H. and Shields, M.S., 2015. Cardiovascular effects of exposure to cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 66(12), pp.1378-1391. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017. Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Palvanen, M., Kannus, P., Piirtola, M., Niemi, S., Parkkari, J. and Jà ¤rvinen, M., 2014. Effectiveness of the Chaos Falls Clinic in preventing falls and injuries of home-dwelling older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Injury, 45(1), pp.265-271. Phelan, E.A., Mahoney, J.E., Voit, J.C. and Stevens, J.A., 2015. Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. The Medical clinics of North America, 99(2), p.281. Platz, E., Lewis, E.F., Uno, H., Peck, J., Pivetta, E., Merz, A.A., Hempel, D., Wilson, C., Frasure, S.E., Jhund, P.S. and Cheng, S., 2016. Detection and prognostic value of pulmonary congestion by lung ultrasound in ambulatory heart failure patients. European heart journal, 37(15), pp.1244-1251. Raut, M.S. and Maheshwari, A., 2016. Oxygen supplementation in acute myocardial infarction: To be or not to be?. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 19(2), p.342. Six, A.J., Backus, B.E. and Kelder, J.C., 2008. Chest pain in the emergency room: value of the HEART score. Netherlands Heart Journal, 16(6), pp.191-196. Six, A.J., Cullen, L., Backus, B.E., Greenslade, J., Parsonage, W., Aldous, S., Doevendans, P.A. and Than, M., 2013. The HEART score for the assessment of patients with chest pain in the emergency department: a multinational validation study. Critical pathways in cardiology, 12(3), pp.121-126. Than, M., Aldous, S., Lord, S.J., Goodacre, S., Frampton, C.M., Troughton, R., George, P., Florkowski, C.M., Ardagh, M., Smyth, D. and Jardine, D.L., 2014. A 2-hour diagnostic protocol for possible cardiac chest pain in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 174(1), pp.51-58.
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Future of American Transportation Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Future of American Transportation Policy - Essay Example Transport is very important for any society to flourish, and in advanced countries like America, the demand for automated or motorized mobility has evolved and increased significantly since the 1970's. Due to the fact that the transport sector is highly dependent on carbon fuels, it is expected to account for a large portion greenhouse gas emitted into the air in developed countries like the U.S.A. in the future, and contribute greatly to global climate change. However, about 70% of world population lives in developing regions, where per capita travel demand is currently low. Future trends in mobility-both passenger and freight-in these regions will be of critical importance for the world's fuel supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the 21st century. Many previous studies dealing with travel demand have tended to focus on a very detailed level and short time horizon, and are therefore of limited use for examining the long-term issues outlined above. This paper will also analyse the future demand for motorized transportation. Since the 1980's, when the Just-In-Time (JIT) practices were popularised, the companies have strived to decrease inventory levels and increase overall production costs. The JIT programs have had a good effect on service and production processes, and this success has also caused some changes in the transportation industry. Since Transport is often an activity that is induced either by production activities or by socio-cultural functions, it can be assessed within these categories, and it can also be assessed as a separate system. The demand for transport involves more than moving people and freight across certain distances; it also has to do with speed. For example, looking through history, the amount of time that people are willing to devote to travelling seems to be rather constant, across various world regions, and these days, the distances covered continue to increase, while the total amount of time spent on these distances remains constant, because of increased speed brought about by switching to faster means of transport.In all honesty, most people in the richer countries of the world would agree that we do enjoy our transportation systems. Our transport systems enable us to travel exactly when we want to, usually from door to door, whether we want to travel alone or with our family and friends, and we want to travel with our baggage or not. We get our goods delivered routinely by the freight distribution network, which supports our lifestyle, and satisfies our delivery needs, so why should we worry about the future of the transportation network and how the energy that drives our transportation might possibly be affecting our environment The reason is that the size of these transportation systems, and their seemingly relentless growth cannot be overlooked.These systems consume fuels that are petroleum-based, like gasoline and diesel, on a very large scale. During combustion, the carbon that these fuels contain is oxidized to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, due to the fact that they are used so massively, the amount of carbon dioxide that gets
Monday, October 7, 2019
How is internationalisation transforming the nature of the Australian Essay
How is internationalisation transforming the nature of the Australian screen industry and what tensions does this create for local content and the representation of national identity - Essay Example Nevertheless, the year 1968 saw the revival of Australian cinema, in a quest to nationalize its content to address local and national interests. Accordingly, by the 1980s, Australian cinema produced respectable and morally cultivated films that fit the interests of the middle class viewers, as well as middle-aged ones (Ryan, 2009; pp. 45). The Australian government had put in place several regulations to ensure that the film content adhered to the preservation of Australian identity, culture, and character. Australian cinema was national in every sense, since it produced images that reflected the everyday life of the Australian people, the challenges they faced and their aspirations (Kindem, 62, 2000). The images in Australian film showed the Australian landscape and resources, while all the actors were of Australian origin, thus, enhancing the localization of Australian cinema. For a long time, Sydney has been the center of film production in Australia as the New South Wales (NSW) became the leading national producer of audio-visual films. This dominance by NSW and Sidney in Australian film production was a result of heavy federal funding and the presence of many institutions for training in cinematography. In spite of this growth in nationalized films, the Australian cinema was in a dilemma because the cultural and goals were in conflict with the goals of global economy. Evidently, the global economy affects each and every sector of the society, thus, the Australian film industry had little choice but to shift towards the goals of the global economy. During the twentieth century, Australia was also struggling with exhibition venues for its content, especially after the disintegration of the European movie production after World War II. Essentially, this is what made the Australian film industry form an alliance with the producers in Hollywood, leading
Sunday, October 6, 2019
Write an essay in which you discuss what prevents some people from - 1
Write an in which you discuss what prevents some people from helping others around them who are in need - Essay Example Cortà ©s arrived at the Mexican coast at a place called Yucatan in 1519 a year after Spain had discovered the country. He named the place Veracruz a name that has remained in use to date. Accompanying him were 508 soldiers ,100 sailors an 14 small canons which he used to defeat the natives during his reign here(Schwartz and Stuart B ,2000 , pg 12) . He first settled in Tabasco where he faced a strong opposition from the natives. However, he fought back harshly and the natives surrendered. This was the start of his success in Mexico. The Tabasco offered his food, women and an interpreter who was known as La Malinche or Doà ±a Marina who acted as the go-between with the locals. The Native war-men were not trained and were easily killed easily due to lack of skills and weapons. (Schwartz and Stuart B, 2000, pg 17). Few weeks after his arrival, he set sail from Yutican to the southeastern coast where he found Velasquez. Through orders from king charles1 of Spain, he dismissed the authority of Velasquez and declared himself king .Unlike many native leaders, Cortà ©s had knowledge on army training and he trained his men to act as a disciplined united unit (Schwartz and Stuart B, 2000, pg 25). The country was rich in minerals and fertile land and Cortà ©s was determined to dominate the land. He went to an extent of burning his ships to make re-treating not an option. During his stay here, Cortà ©s learned that the Aztecs under the rule of their powerful leader Montezuma II were a powerful primary force in Mexico. Due to his high level of Education, he knew he had to find support from within on order to conquer this powerful group. After an extensive research that took six months, he discovered the Tlaxcala’s who were a native group and great enemies of the Aztecs (Schwartz and Stuart B , 2000 , pg 41).The group became an important target during his raid of the
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20
Answer questions - Essay Example Bill Gates’ Microsoft has developed because of Gates’ ability to create an environment of creativity, teamwork, delegation of tasks, and transparency across the workforce Interpersonal skills are the qualities that enable people to understand one another and establish effective communication. In a decision making process, team members need to understand one another in order to establish effective communication, which is a necessity for organizational efficiency and growth. Interpersonal skills enable and organization to have a clear flow of instructions, commands and directives, facilitating the attainment of a business’ overall objective. Interpersonal skills are also relevant in society because effective communication is crucial when it comes to networking and establishing local and multinational deals (Robbins, De Cenzo, & Coulter, 2015). Steve jobs people skills enabled him to get funding, resurrect Apple Inc. and transform it into one of the finest American electronics manufacturer ever. The KTS-II results show that I am a guardian. A guardian is an individual who understands logistics and is strict about following routine. A guardian has a sense of responsibility and duty, which means he is always in the good books of the supervisor. However, workers of rational and idealist personalities are people who seek personal growth and knowledge, which might interfere with the regulatory role of their supervisors. Artisans’ desire to try new things may interfere with company routine and schedule, affecting the relationship of artisans with the supervisors (Montgomery, 2011). Conscientiousness and extraversion are positively correlated with job performance. However, without high levels of conscientiousness, extraversion might lead to absenteeism, in which case it becomes negatively correlated with job performance (Lim & Ployhart,
Friday, October 4, 2019
Entrepreneurial Risk Traits and the Ability to Manage Uncertainties Essay
Entrepreneurial Risk Traits and the Ability to Manage Uncertainties - Essay Example As the owner of the business, an entrepreneur is also perceived as a risk taker. This is because all the decisions pertaining to the success or failure of the business lies with him. Despite this revelation, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 2006 reported that many people in the UK are risk averse, with more than two-thirds of respondents revealing so. As many of businesses fail, such fears are well placed. Many businesses fail due to a number of reasons among them being lack of finance, poor infrastructure, shortage of skills and complexity of regulations or the red tape among others (Storey 1994, p.5-9). Nevertheless, the ability to evaluate the uncertainties and risks that are integral part of all businesses decisions is a vital element of successful entrepreneurship. For this to be accomplished, entrepreneurs must do their research properly to ensure that all reasonable steps are taken to mitigate any potential failure. This is because, the outcome of a successful risk takin g result into a profitable venture (Timmons 1999, p.15-22). The objective of this paper is to explore how the entrepreneurial trait of risk taking and the ability to cope with uncertainty may impact the operating environment of a small business. ... Because of these risks and uncertainties, small business entrepreneurs live in fear of failing to accomplish their goals of business success. It is, therefore, imperative that small business entrepreneurs must be vigilant to ensure that they do not plunge into the ‘pit holes’ of the business. Business expansion for instance comes with many challenges most of which comes as a result of lack of knowledge of new locations, and lack of the ability of manage large strategic, structural, technological and the human resource and the constrain of monetary base as well according to Rae (2007, p.10). Expanding the size of the business implies that more employees are required; more capital is also needed as well as the challenges of coping under the new business environment. Some of the risks and uncertainties that an entrepreneur must be aware of and device proper ways to manage them for the success of the business include: Financial constraints Entrepreneurs are definitely faced by the risk of inadequate finance especially when trying to expand their business venture. This is because no single business can be expanded without the need of more capital investment. Since the business is small, it may not be at a position to provide the more capital outlay required to meet all the business needs. As such, an entrepreneur must be at a position to take all the risks necessary to ensure that the probable financial needs are available. For instance, an entrepreneur should take the risk by borrowing the required finance from financial institutions. The other strategy that may be employed by the entrepreneur includes seeking a merger with other firms to help pull resources together for the success of the business. An entrepreneur with such a risk-taking trait will easily come
Thursday, October 3, 2019
James Jarvis Essay Example for Free
James Jarvis Essay In Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country there is two protagonists, Reverend Stephen Kumalo, and James Jarvis. Both characters play significant roles to the story but James Jarvis’ situation is noteworthy and inspirational. James is an influential, dynamic character because his opinion dramatically changes upon reading his son’s manuscript. A series of events influences James to shift his mindset into the mindset of his son. An analysis on James Jarvis’ changing mindset reveals that his son’s manuscript, realizing his shortcomings, and Reverend Kumalo are all things that cause him to change drastically. When James’ son, Arthur, dies he visits Arthur’s home and finds his incomplete manuscript. When reading his writings, James finds that his son would have risked anything to help other people, and ended up doing just that. Although James is hurt by the fact that Arthur writes about his parents in a negative way ..But of South Africa I learned nothing at all.†(207), James takes the criticism and improves from it by continuing his son’s battle. James discovers that his son researches tremendously on the problems of their society, and was seeking help in the development of the social structure in South Africa. Arthur’s house contains hundreds of books and â€Å"†¦between the books there were four pictures, of Christ crucified, and Abraham Lincoln, and the white gabled house of Vergelegen, and a painting of leafless willows by a river in a wintry veld.†(176) From these pictures of Jesus, Lincoln, the gabled hose, and the leafless willow disc loses the symbolism that Arthur admires. Jesus and Lincoln were men of action; they showed love for their friends, and at the same time, their enemies. These two men suffered and died for their beliefs, the same way Arthur did. A water willow represents freedom, therefore, it can be concluded that the painting of the leafless willows represents a loss of freedom for the blacks in South Africa and how Arthur wants to gain their freedom back and help them get equal rights. When his son is shot and killed, James gets to finally know and understand him and his values. â€Å"Jarvis filled his pipe slowly, and listened to the tale of his, to this tale of a stranger†(172). James reads his sons speeches and understands his country’s segregation, relieving him of his ignorance. This comparison enables James to better understand his son and realize how concerned and devoted Arthur was for a change in humanity. After James discovers his son’s views, James starts to realize his shortcomings, and realizes that the problems of others and not only of his own. James begins to help the minority. Since his son’s death and the acquaintance of Stephen, James donates 1000 pounds to the African boy’s club. Jarvis is not just giving the money as a gift; instead he gives the money to the club because he knew the club would improve the country’s condition. Using his son’s views again, James decides to do something about Kumalo’s village, which is falling apart. He sends milk for the children, an agricultural expert, and builds a church for Ndotsheni. James builds the church because the current church in Ndotsheni is old. James and Stephen both live in the farming areas of South Africa, share the love for the same land, and what is in their lives. They each have a son of whom they consider a stranger but after they lose their sons, they begin to understand them. They both learn the problems in South Africa through their sons, and after realization, they both try to do something to improve the social, and racial differences which plague Johannesburg. Both men are strong but James Jarvis has to be the strongest for his ability to take his son’s death the way he does. Instead of being an irate, cruel, sorrowful man; he picks up where his son left off. It’s realistic that James can be forgiving to Stephen even though he is the father of Absalom, the boy who killed Arthur Jarvis. James Jarvis reacts this way because he doesn’t want anyone else to experience the same thing that happened to him; instead he wants to fix the problem before it occurs again. When his son is shot and killed, James finally gets to know and understand him and his values. â€Å"Jarvis filled his pipe slowly, and listened to the tale of his son, to this tale of a stranger†(172). He reads his sons speeches and understands his country’s segregation, relieving him of his ignorance. James Jarvis was a dynamic character that changes throughout the novel. The representation shows how South African problems educated James Jarvis, and turned him into an understanding, and influential man. If Arthur Jarvis had never been killed, James Jarvis would’ve not been educated by his son’s writings or by Stephen Kumalo.
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